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<p><b>Forging temperature</b> is the temperature at which a <a href="Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> becomes substantially more soft, but is lower than the melting temperature, such that it can be reshaped by <a href="Forging" title="Forging">forging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bringing a metal to its forging temperature allows the metal's shape to be changed by applying a relatively small force, without creating cracks. For most metals, forging temperature is approximately 70% of the <a href="Absolute_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute temperature">absolute temperature</a> (usually measured in <a href="Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvins</a>) of its melting point.
</p><p>Selecting the maximum forging temperature allows metals to be forged more easily, lowering the forging pressure and thus the wear on metal-forming dies.<sup id="cite_ref-metalpass_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metalpass-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temperature at which a metal is forged can affect the homogeneity in <a href="Microstructure" title="Microstructure">microstructure</a> and mechanical properties of forged products, which can highly affect the performance of products used in manufacturing.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th rowspan="2">Material
</th>
<th colspan="2">Forging Temperature
</th>
<th>Melting point<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th>Celsius
</th>
<th>Fahrenheit
</th>
<th>°C
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Carbon_steel" title="Carbon steel">Carbon steel</a> - 0.50% carbon content
</td>
<td>1230<sup id="cite_ref-metalpass_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metalpass-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>2246
</td>
<td>~1425-1540
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a> (Nonmagnetic)
</td>
<td>1150
</td>
<td>2102
</td>
<td>~1400-1530
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a> (Magnetic)
</td>
<td>1095
</td>
<td>2003
</td>
<td>~1400-1530
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a>
</td>
<td>1095
</td>
<td>2003
</td>
<td>1453
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a>
</td>
<td>955
</td>
<td>1751
</td>
<td>1660
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a>
</td>
<td>900
</td>
<td>1652
</td>
<td>1083
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a> (25 alloy types with varying ratios of copper and zinc)
</td>
<td>815
</td>
<td>1499
</td>
<td>~900-940
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Commercial_bronze" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial bronze">Commercial bronze</a> (90% copper and 10% tin)
</td>
<td>900 to 419.53
</td>
<td>1652 to 787.154
</td>
<td>~950
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a>
</td>
<td>300 - 480<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>600 - 900
</td>
<td>660
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a>
</td>
<td>419.53
</td>
<td>787.154
</td>
<td>420
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a>
</td>
<td>25
</td>
<td>77
</td>
<td>327
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>1371
</td>
<td>2500
</td>
<td>1535
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a>
</td>
<td>231.93
</td>
<td>449.474
</td>
<td>232
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Plasticity_(physics)" title="Plasticity (physics)">Plasticity</a></li>
<li><a href="Tammann_and_H%C3%BCttig_temperatures" title="Tammann and Hüttig temperatures">Tammann and Hüttig temperatures</a> – Chemical properties of materials</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The temperatures of alloys vary depending on the ration of metals mixture</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
<div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/melting-temperature-metals-d_860.html">"Metals - Melting Temperatures"</a>. <i>The Engineering ToolBox</i>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-metalpass-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-metalpass_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metalpass_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metalpass.com/metaldoc/paper.aspx?docID=237">"Forging of Carbon Steels"</a>. Metal Pass.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIraniKarimi_Taheri2008" class="citation journal cs1">Irani, M.; Karimi Taheri, A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewp.rpi.edu/hartford/~ernesto/F2010/EP1/Materials4Students/Quinn/Irani2008.pdf">"Effect of forging temperature on homogeneity of microstructure and hardness of precision forged steel spur gear"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Materials Chemistry and Physics</i>. <b>112</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">1099–</span>1105. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.matchemphys.2008.07.044">10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.07.044</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
'Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys"
edited by Joseph R. Davis, p248</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arironllc.com/blog/forging-iron-a-tutorial">"Forging Iron: A Tutorial"</a>. 18 October 2018.</cite></span>
</li>
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